[96] Each shloka consists of a couplet, thus the entire text consists of 1,400 lines. Before Mahatma Gandhi came on the scene, he was at the forefront of the freedom struggle of India. [196] The text states that this is the path that intellectuals tend to prefer. At the start of the Dharma Yuddha (righteous war) between Pandavas and Kauravas, Arjuna is filled with moral dilemma and despair about the violence and death the war will cause in the battle against his own kin. A story in this vedic text, states Hudson, highlights the meaning of the name Vasudeva as the 'shining one (deva) who dwells (vasu) in all things and in whom all things dwell', and the meaning of Vishnu to be the 'pervading actor'. According to Jeaneane Fowler, the Gita builds on the Upanishadic Brahman theme, conceptualized to be that which is everywhere, unaffected, constant Absolute, indescribable and nirguna (abstract, without features). [376][377], Philip Glass retold the story of Gandhi's early development as an activist in South Africa through the text of the Gita in the opera Satyagraha (1979). The presentation explains the difference between ahamkara (ego) and atman (soul), from there between individual consciousness and universal consciousness. The Bhagavad Gita is part of the Mahabharata, which was written by the sage Vyasa. [49] The earliest "surviving" components therefore are believed to be no older than the earliest "external" references we have to the Mahabharata epic. Some Sanskrit editions that separate the Gita from the epic as an independent text, as well as translators, however, add chapter titles such as each chapter being a particular form of yoga. It has 18 chapters in total. The Bhagavad Gita, perhaps the most famous of all Indian scriptures, is universally regarded as one of the world’s spiritual and literary masterpieces. [189], In the Bhagavad Gita, bhakti is characterized as the "loving devotion, a longing, surrender, trust and adoration" of the divine Krishna as the ishta-devata. [38][note 5], Theories on the date of the composition of the Gita vary considerably. [79][80][81] According to Galvin Flood, the teachings in Gita differ from other Indian religions that encouraged extreme austerity and self-torture of various forms (karsayanta). [99][note 11] Two massive armies have gathered to destroy the other. The Bhagavad Gita is part of the Mahabharata, which was written by the sage Vyasa. [147][148] The 13th chapter of the Gita offers the clearest enunciation of the Samkhya philosophy, states Basham, by explaining the difference between field (material world) and the knower (soul), prakriti and purusha. [161] It covers many topics, states Easwaran. [372] According to Paul Schaffel the influential Hindu nationalist V.D. [note 13] Every time he returns, he teaches about inner Self in all beings. [170][11][12], The Gita, states Fowler, "thoroughly accepts" atman as a foundational concept. A Sanskrit scripture with its Origin - Bhagavad Gita: The Bhagavad Gita was written by Sage Ved Vyasa interweaving historical facts from the Mahabharata with an association of Krishna. Since Shankara's time, the "700 verses" has been the standard benchmark for the critical edition of the Bhagavad Gita. [285] Ramanuja's disagreed with Adi Shankara's interpretation of the Gita as a text on nondualism (Self and Brahman are identical), and instead interpreted it as a form of dualistic and qualified monism philosophy (Vishishtadvaita). According to the Indologist Paul Hacker, the contextual meaning in the Gita is the "dharma of a particular varna". In the last eight verses of this chapter, Krishna states that he loves those who have compassion for all living beings, are content with whatever comes their way, who live a detached life that is impartial and selfless, unaffected by fleeting pleasure or pain, neither craving for praise nor depressed by criticism. Krishna is all and One. [203][83][84] Others consider it as a progressive stage or a combination of Karma yoga and Bhakti yoga. The debate about the relationship between the, According to Basham, passionately theistic verses are found, for example, in chapters 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14.1–6 with 14.29, 15, 18.54–78; while more philosophical verses with one or two verses where Krishna identifies himself as the highest god are found, for example, in chapters 2.38–72, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13 and 14.7–25, 16, 17 and 18.1–53. [282] To Shankara, the teaching of the Gita is to shift an individual's focus from the outer, impermanent, fleeting objects of desire and senses to the inner, permanent, eternal atman-Brahman-Vasudeva that is identical, in everything and in every being. [258] For some native translators, their personal beliefs, motivations, and subjectivity affect their understanding, their choice of words and interpretation. Religious leaders and scholars interpret the word Bhagavad in a number of ways. Vyasa's authorship of the epic is also questionable, as the length of the poem is some 100,000 couplets, about seven times the combined length of the Iliad and Odyssey put together. [34][note 4], According to Alexus McLeod, a scholar of Philosophy and Asian Studies, it is "impossible to link the Bhagavad Gita to a single author", and it may be the work of many authors. Who is … Like his Vedanta peers, Ramanuja wrote a bhashya (commentary) on the Gita. [218] The Bhishma Parva sets the stage of two ideologies in conflict and two massive armies gathered for what each considers as a righteous and necessary war. [274] It has also attracted commentaries in regional vernacular languages for centuries, such as the one by Dnyaneshwar in Marathi language (13th century). The Gita adopts the Upanishadic concept of Absolute Reality (Brahman), a shift from the earlier ritual-driven Vedic religion to one abstracting and internalizing spiritual experiences. [247] Richard Davis cites a count by Callewaert & Hemraj in 1982 of 1,891 translations of the Bhagavad Gita in 75 languages, including 273 in English. [119], Some translators title the chapter as Karma yoga, Virtue in Work, Selfless Service, or The Yoga of Action. The army totalled 18 Akshauhinis, 7 on the Pandava side and 11 on the Kaurava (1 Akshauhini = 21,870 chariots … – A Secular Inquiry into a Sacred Text" by Meghnad Desai, I knew little about the controversy that the book had the potential to evoke. Accordingly, the title has been interpreted as "the word of God" by the theistic schools,[17] "the words of the Lord",[18] "the Divine Song",[19][20] and "Celestial Song" by others. [67] According to the Gita translator Radhakrishnan, quoted in a review by Robinson, Krishna's discourse is a "comprehensive synthesis" that inclusively unifies the competing strands of Hindu thought such as "Vedic ritual, Upanishadic wisdom, devotional theism and philosophical insight". The name, Bhagavad Gita, means Song of the Lord. Sage Ved Vyas had the divine vision by which he wrote Bhagavad Gita and other puranas such as Vishnu Puran, Shiv Puran etc. [181], The Gita teaches the path of Karma yoga in Chapter 3 and others. [234][235], Indian independence leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak saw the Gita as a text which defended war when necessary and used it to promote armed rebellion against colonial rule. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass. [343] Neo-Hindus such as Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, states Hacker, have preferred to not translate it in those terms, or "dharma" as religion, but leave Gita's message as "everyone must follow his sva-dharma". Summary of the Book Meghnad Desai writes about the Bhagavad Gita saying that it is a secular text. The text states that combining "action with inner renunciation" with the love of Krishna as a personal God leads to peace. The term dharma has a number of meanings. In Minor's view, the Harvard scholar Franklin Edgerton's English translation and Richard Garbe's German translation are closer to the text than many others. [162] It begins with discussion of spiritual pursuits through sannyasa (renunciation, monastic life) and spiritual pursuits while living in the world as a householder. Scholars accept dates from the fifth century to the second century BCE as the probable range, the latter likely. This would date the text as transmitted by the oral tradition to the later centuries of the 1st-millennium BCE, and the first written version probably to the 2nd or 3rd century CE. [101] He sees that some among his enemies are his own relatives, beloved friends, and revered teachers. It weighs 800 kg and measures over 2.8 metres. This knowledge leads to the universal, transcendent Godhead, the divine essence in all beings, to Brahman – the Krishna himself. Even a monk should strive for the "inner renunciation", rather than external pretensions. Who wrote the Bhagavad Gita. Here we have shared some of the Bhagavad Gita quotations in Hindi that will enhance your knowledge about various aspects of life. What is Shrimad Bhagavad Gita & Who Wrote Bhagavad Gita? [210] Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, a professor of Philosophy at the Oxford University and the second president of India, saw "The Field of Dharma" as the world (Bhavsagar), which is a "battleground for moral struggle". Vallabha the proponent of "Suddhadvaita" or pure non-dualism, wrote a commentary on the Gita, the "Sattvadipika". [3] The 4th chapter is the first time where Krishna begins to reveal his divine nature to Arjuna. T. S. Eliot (1888-1965) had some knowledge and regard for the Upanishads, which are the storehouse of the invaluable perennial treasures of human wisdom, and some of his poems reflect the message of the Upanishads. Renounce attachment to the fruits. [120] Those who act without craving for fruits are free from the karmic effects, because the results never motivated them. [116][117][118] Mahatma Gandhi memorized the last 19 verses of the second chapter, considering them as his companion in his non-violent movement for social justice during the colonial rule. [369], According to Ronald Neufeldt, it was the Theosophical Society that dedicated much attention and energy to the allegorical interpretation of the Gita, along with religious texts from around the world, after 1885 and given H. P. Blavatsky, Subba Rao and Anne Besant writings. It has been quoted by writers, poets, scientists, theologians, and philosophers – among others – for centuries and is often the introductory text to Hinduism for a Western audience. This is evidenced by the discontinuous intermixing of philosophical verses with theistic or passionately theistic verses, according to Basham. It was translated into German in 1826 by Von Humbolt. The dating of the Gita is thus dependent on the uncertain dating of the Mahabharata. [357], Gandhi's view differed from Aurobindo's view. In the Gita, the most powerful articulation of this idea comes not in the second chapter, echoed in Emerson’s poem, but in the 11th, when Krishna shows his true nature to Arjuna. Home » who first wrote the bhagavad gita. [183][184], The concept of such detached action is also called Nishkam Karma, a term not used in the Gita but equivalent to other terms such as karma-phala-tyaga. Thus, the first version of the Bhagavad Gita may have been composed in or after the 3rd century BCE. —Bhagavad Gita 6.1Eknath Easwaran[128][note 14], Some translators title the sixth chapter as Dhyana yoga, Religion by Self-Restraint, The Practice of Meditation, or The Yoga of Meditation. [46], Linguistically, the Bhagavad Gita is in classical Sanskrit of the early variety, states the Gita scholar Winthrop Sargeant. [142], Some translators title the chapter as Bhakti yoga, The Religion of Faith, The Way of Love, or The Yoga of Devotion. [40] According to the Indologist Arvind Sharma, the Gita is generally accepted to be a 2nd-century-BCE text. How Does the 25th Amendment Work — and When Should It Be Enacted? The simultaneous outer action with inner renunciation, states Krishna, is the secret to the life of freedom. The Gita disapproves of these, stating that not only is it against the tradition but against Krishna himself, because "Krishna dwells within all beings, in torturing the body the ascetic would be torturing him", states Flood. And if … [197] The chapter 4 of the Bhagavad Gita is dedicated to the general exposition of jnana yoga. [web 4]. According to Upadhyaya, the Gita states that none of these paths to spiritual realization are "intrinsically superior or inferior", rather they "converge in one and lead to the same goal". The Gita is a cohesively knit pedagogic text, not a list of norms. "[115] This and other moral dilemmas in the first chapter are set in a context where the Hindu epic and Krishna have already extolled ahimsa (non-violence) to be the highest and divine virtue of a human being. [219][220][221], According to the Indologist Barbara Miller, the text frames heroism not in terms of physical abilities, but instead in terms of effort and inner commitment to fulfill a warrior's dharma in the battlefield. He was the one who compiled the Mahabharata which includes Gita. [93] This adds to 745 verses. [212] In Chapter 1, responding to Arjuna's despondency, Krishna asks him to follow his sva-dharma,[213] "the dharma that belongs to a particular man (Arjuna) as a member of a particular varna, (i.e., the kshatriya – the warrior varna)". According to Fowler, the bhakti in the Gita does not imply renunciation of "action", but the bhakti effort is assisted with "right knowledge" and dedication to one's dharma. [53] The Bhagavad Gita is a "summation of the Vedanta", states Sargeant. Bhagavad Gita, or the song of the Lord, was written by Sage Ved Vyasa. Their happiness comes from within, and the external world does not bother them. [18][112][113] The fifteenth chapter expounds on Krishna theology, in the Vaishnava Bhakti tradition of Hinduism. [86] The Bhagavad Gita is a Brahmanical text which uses the shramanic and Yogic terminology to spread the Brahmanic idea of living according to one's duty or dharma, in contrast to the ascetic ideal of liberation by avoiding all karma. [280] He wrote a commentary on the Gita as Gitartha-Samgraha, which has survived into the modern era. [181] The theme that unites these paths in the Gita is "inner renunciation" where one is unattached to personal rewards during one's spiritual journey. [375], The world's largest Bhagavad Gita is in the ISKCON Temple Delhi, which claims to be the world's largest sacred book of any religion. Desire for the fruits of work must never be your motive in working. [155] According to Franklin Edgerton, the verses in this chapter in association with select verses in other chapters make the metaphysics of the Gita to be dualistic. [125] Krishna answers that both are paths to the same goal, but the path of "selfless action and service" with inner renunciation is better. "[359], According to Jacqueline Hirst, the universalist neo-Hindu interpretations of dharma in the Gita is modernism, though any study of pre-modern distant foreign cultures is inherently subject to suspicions about "control of knowledge" and bias on the various sides. While the Upanishads largely uphold such a monistic viewpoint of liberation, the Bhagavad Gita also accommodates the dualistic and theistic aspects of moksha. But an ordinary man with firm faith in the eternal injunctions of the Lord, even though unable to execute such orders, becomes liberated from the bondage of the law of [166][167] Like some of the Upanishads, the Gita does not limit itself to the nirguna Brahman. May 24, 2020. [102] He drops his bow, wonders if he should renounce and just leave the battlefield. [97], The Gita is a dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna right before the start of the climactic Kurukshetra War in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. The Shatapatha Brahmana, for example, mentions the absolute Purusha who dwells in every human being. "[246]:518, According to Sargeant, the Gita is "said to have been translated at least 200 times, in both poetic and prose forms". [243], The first English translation of the Bhagavad Gita was published by Charles Wilkins in 1785. Krishna states that his own highest nature is the imperishable Brahman, and that he lives in every creature as the adhyatman. [168][169] The text blurs any distinction between the personalized God and impersonal Absolute Reality by amalgamating their equivalence, using it interchangeably in the later chapters. He discusses jnana (knowledge) and vijnana (realization, understanding) using the Prakriti-Purusha (matter-soul) framework of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy, and the Maya-Brahman framework of its Vedanta school. Srimad Bhagavad Gita Quotes in Hindi by Lord Krishna. [14][15] The Gita's call for selfless action inspired many leaders of the Indian independence movement including Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi; the latter referred to it as his "spiritual dictionary".[16]. [47][48], According to Jeaneane Fowler, "the dating of the Gita varies considerably" and depends in part on whether one accepts it to be a part of the early versions of the Mahabharata, or a text that was inserted into the epic at a later date. [18][112][113] The chapter opens with Krishna continuing his discourse from the previous chapter. For alternate worded translations, see Radhakrishnan. [227], Swami Nikhilananda, takes Arjuna as an allegory of Ātman, Krishna as an allegory of Brahman, Arjuna's chariot as the body, and Dhritarashtra as the ignorance filled mind. For example, states Arthur Basham, verses 5.23–28 state that a sage's spiritual goal is to realize the impersonal Brahman, yet the next verse 5.29 states that the goal is to realize the personal God who is Krishna.[38]. Krishna reminds him that everyone is in the cycle of rebirths, and while Arjuna does not remember his previous births, he does. A synthesis of knowledge, devotion, and desireless action is offered by Krishna as a spectrum of choices to Arjuna; the same combination is suggested to the reader as a way to moksha. [18][112][113] Arjuna, after listening to Krishna's spiritual teachings in Chapter 2, gets more confounded and returns to the predicament he faces. "[358] To him, svadeshi was "sva-dharma applied to one's immediate environment. It is sometimes referred to simply as the Gita or may be prefixed by the term Srimad as a sign of respect. With Arjuna is Krishna, not as a participant in the war, but only as his charioteer and counsel. He saw the main message as the bravery and courage of Arjuna to fight as a warrior. [82], The Gita synthesizes several paths to spiritual realization based on the premise that people are born with different temperaments and tendencies (guna). [137] This chapter contains eschatology of the Bhagavad Gita. [188] According to Jonardon Ganeri, the premise of "disinterested action" is one of the important ethical concepts in the Gita. [349], The humble sage, by virtue of true knowledge, sees with equal vision a learned and gentle brahmana, a cow, an elephant, a dog and a dog-eater [outcaste], Nadkarni and Zelliot present the opposite view, citing early Bhakti saints of the Krishna-tradition such as the 13th-century Dnyaneshwar. [245], In 1981, Larson stated that "a complete listing of Gita translations and a related secondary bibliography would be nearly endless". Most people were silent. "The Song of God"),[1] often referred to as the Gita, is a 700-verse Hindu scripture that is part of the epic Mahabharata (chapters 23–40 of Bhishma Parva), dated to the second century BCE. Scholars believe it probably dates somewhere between the 5th and 2nd century B.C.E., and may have been written by the sage, Vyasa. [108][web 3] For example, Swami Chidbhavananda describes each of the eighteen chapters as a separate yoga because each chapter, like yoga, "trains the body and the mind". Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a scholar of the Bhagavad Gita and a famous karm yogi. [342], The Gita presents its teaching in the context of a war where the warrior Arjuna is in inner crisis about whether he should renounce and abandon the battlefield, or fight and kill. [18][112][113] The chapter starts by presenting the tension in the Indian tradition between the life of sannyasa (monks who have renounced their household and worldly attachments) and the life of grihastha (householder). "[217] The Udyoga Parva presents many views about the nature of a warrior, his duty and what calls for heroic action. [5], Bhagavad Gita comprises 18 chapters (section 23 to 40)[107][web 2] in the Bhishma Parva of the epic Mahabharata. [266] The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust associated with ISKCON has re-translated and published A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's 1972 English translation of the Gita in 56 non-Indian languages. From the beginning of life Arjuna was a spiritual traveler undertaking inner journey all the time. "[238], According to Dennis Hudson, there is an overlap between Vedic and Tantric rituals with the teachings found in the Bhagavad Gita. The chapter summarizes the Hindu idea of rebirth, samsara, eternal soul in each person (Self), universal soul present in everyone, various types of yoga, divinity within, the nature of Self-knowledge and other concepts. It is the song sung by the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Shri Krishna. [273], According to Richard Davis, the Gita has attracted much scholarly interest in Indian history and some 227 commentaries have survived in the Sanskrit language alone. It also "relegates the sacrificial system of the early Vedic literature to a path that goes nowhere because it is based on desires", states Bryant. What was the original language of the Bhagavad-Gita? According to the Indologist Ananya Vajpeyi, the Gita does not elaborate on the means or stages of war, nor on ahimsa, except for stating that "ahimsa is virtuous and characterizes an awakened, steadfast, ethical man" in verses such as 13.7–10 and 16.1–5. This chapter is an overview for the remaining sixteen chapters of the Bhagavad Gita. Krishna is presented as a teacher who "drives Arjuna and the reader beyond initial preconceptions". It was the first of books; it was as if an empire spoke to us, nothing small or unworthy, but large, serene, consistent, the voice of an old intelligence which in another age and climate had pondered and thus disposed of the same questions which exercise us. Into other European languages other than English been described as who wrote bhagavad gita cream of all known historic! It discusses who is a Hindu text of thought, notably Vedanta, Samkhya and yoga schools of Indian in! 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