Secession in the United States refers mainly to state secession.It applies to the outbreak of the American Civil War when on December 20, 1860, South Carolina officially declared their secession from the United States. Cotton became King in the South in the 18th century. Courtesy of Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, A protest against the ordinance of secession. [4] After the ordinance of secession passed the convention on January 26, 1861, Moore placed Colonel Braxton Bragg in command of the state military. Candidates for the secession convention did not run as party nominees but instead divided between secessionists and cooperationists. Most of the state's citizens celebrated secession. Epidemics such as measles killed many soldiers before they ever left the camp. The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States or the Confederacy, was an unrecognized breakaway state in existence from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865, that fought against the United States of America during the American Civil War. In the 1832 Nullification Crisis, Louisiana offered no support to South Carolina “fire-eaters” (fervent secessionists), and former Louisiana Senator Edward Livingston even wrote Andrew Jackson’s Force Bill, which pledged military action against those who resisted federal law. Three weeks prior to the contest, a Democrat accurately framed Louisianans’ options in the event of Lincoln’s victory: “What are we to do? Later four more states seceded after the exchange of fire at Fort Sumter in April 1861. All Rights Reserved. Secessionists captured the majority of seats. That may sound silly to readers. Ranches in southwest Louisiana and Texas supplied the cattle for a slaughterhouse south of Alexandria. One-Year subscription (4 issues) : $20.00, Two-Year subscription (8 issues) : $35.00, © 64 Parishes 2021. Judge James G. Taliaferro of Catahoula Parish was the most outspoken opponent. Additionally, with four other states—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi—having joined South Carolina outside the Union, the meaning of “cooperation” was less clear. The bounty was a one-time reward for enlisting. The women of Louisiana also helped "The Cause." Adopted in convention at Baton Rouge this January 26, 1861.[1]. The beef was preserved by salting it. Discovering the extensive salt deposits at Avery Island gave the Confederates a valuable source. A wealthy planter and slaveholder, Moore acted aggressively to engineer the secession of Louisiana from the Union by a convention on January 23. The cry for secession spread as quickly as a yellow fever epidemic, and the results were just as deadly. ", This page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 21:14. A New Orleans factory switched from making clothing for plantations to making uniforms. States were required to hold individual state conventions where they would repeal the ordinances of secession and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. We do further declare and ordain, That all rights acquired and vested under the Constitution of the United States, or any act of Congress, or treaty, or under any law of this State, and not incompatible with this ordinance, shall remain in force and have the same effect as if this ordinance had not been passed. Monogrammed linen pillowcases became sandbags at Port Hudson, and treasured carpets became blankets for freezing soldiers. Lincoln’s election changed the political calculus in Louisiana. New Orleans, Louisiana, the largest city in the entire South, was strategically important as a port city due to its location along the Mississippi River and its access to the Gulf of Mexico, and the United States War Department very early on planned on its capture. C ontrary to conventional assumptions, many Louisianans opposed secession and the Confederacy during the Civil War and remained loyal to the Union for several reasons, among them: local politics, economic or familial connections to the North, and a strong sense of nationalism. ___. ", Dew, Charles B. ", Sledge, Christopher L. "The Union's Naval War in Louisiana, 1861-1863" (Army Command and General Staff College, 2006), Wooster, Ralph. Post-Constitution, the first major threat of full state secession came during the Jefferson administration, when the New England states, led by Thomas Pickering, threatened to dissolve their participation in the Union. In fact, more than 12,000 men who had voted in the November presidential election (approximately one in four of those who had cast ballots) declined to vote in January. Texas, Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina all issued additional documents, usually referred to as the “Declarations of Causes," which explain their decision to leave the Union. When Lincoln comes to power it behaves as if nothing had happened. In particular, Governor Moore’s pro-secession speech at the opening of the special December legislative session set the mood for the election of convention delegates on January 7, 1861. The South believed in the concept of slavery. I think it could happen today. > Calhoun's doctrine > Union not fulfilled its obligations like the Fugitive Slave Act > Federal gov. The camp, although close to New Orleans, was soon abandoned. Reasons for Secession . At the same time, white Louisianans shared other southerners’ commitment both to slavery and to opposition to federal interference with the institution either in the states or territories. (You can unsubscribe anytime). One reason had to deal with slavery. By the end of 1865, a number of former Confederate leaders were in the Union capital looking to claim their seats in Congress. In 1861, Louisiana was ready for war in the only attitude. The reasons for secession were fairly consistent between each state in their documents. They would "teach the Yankee a lesson... and settle matters within 60 days." In his inaugural address, Moore told the legislators and visitors at the Capitol that a powerful anti-slavery party (i.e. New Orleans: Printed at the office of the True witness and sentinel, 1860. Second, the presidential election of 1860 dealt a further blow to the state’s conservatism. One New Orleans newspaper said the Republican Party opposed the "dignity, interest, and well-being of Louisiana." 0 0. tuffy. After the members arrived in their new location, they sent six delegates to the Montgomery, Alabama, convention that formed the Confederacy, seized the US Mint in New Orleans, and ratified the Confederate constitution on March 21 before adjourning on March 26. Another faction of southerners with hopes to preserve the Union, which included many former Whigs, formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John C. Bell of Tennessee as a moderate compromise candidate. The convention itself briefly adjourned to move from Baton Rouge to New Orleans in order to allow the state legislature to meet at the capitol. But in 1860 Louisianians could not see what lay ahead. The documents can be found in their entirety The economic reason for the southern states to secede from the Union was slavery. They learned to ignore the bugs floating on the water. Although Louisiana imported most finished goods, some manufacturing did exist. Throughout the prewar period, Louisiana repeatedly rejected the initiative of radical southerners who demanded that the South leave the Union. If that was the point of secession, then the strategy was an obvious disaster. We do further declare and ordain, That the State of Louisiana hereby resumes all rights and powers heretofore delegated to the Government of the United States of America; that her citizens are absolved from all allegiance to said Government; and that she is in full possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which appertain to a free and independent State. Not only did the convention repudiate his protest, but the members even refused to include it in the official journal. The Catholics were predominantly Francophones of French, Spanish, African, and/or Amérindien origin. Political causes . “Who Won the Secession Election in Louisiana.” Journal of Southern History 36 (February 1970): 18–32. Louisiana’s political leaders, particularly Governor Thomas Overton Moore and Senator John Slidell, placed themselves in the vanguard of state’s secession movement. The sound of cannon fire would soon create a very difficult emotion in a city under attack. Shall we have a Southern Convention of the slave states or will each state act by itself? [2] The extremists among the southern Democrats, labeled "Fire-Eaters" because of their strong pro-slavery speeches, led a walkout at the convention. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963. The Civil War came after years of struggle over the issues of slavery and states' rights. Taliaferro, James G (Author). 4) Economic and social differences. But too soon the ladies stopped designing battle flags and began making bandages. His opinion, however, was not included in the official record of the proceedings. It was taken by U.S. troops on April 25, 1862. The overall vote totals point to a less decisive victory. Consequently, the rise of a sectional Republican Party dedicated to stopping slavery’s expansion caused Louisianans to reevaluate their allegiance to the United States. On January 8, 1861, Governor Moore ordered the Louisiana militia to occupy the Federal arsenal at Baton Rouge and the Federal forts guarding New Orleans, Jackson and St. Philip. SUMMARY OF SLAVERY AS REASONS FOR SECESSION AND THE CONFEDERACY In summary, contrary to the Myth of the Lost Cause, preservation of slavery was the primary cause of Southern states’ secession and their creation of the Confederacy. Lincoln's election brought an immediate reaction. Why would they not join the Confederacy? Louisiana, like the other states, could not see the desolation that lay ahead when it entered a war expected to last only a few weeks. All but seven members signed the secession ordinance, and the delegates reacted swiftly and decisively when James G. Taliaferro, a Catahoula Parish delegate and one of the convention’s most ardent unionists, lodged a protest against secession contending that it presaged anarchy and war. Finding respite in 64 PARISHES during the COVID-19 crisis? Their new sewing machines became part of assembly lines. It then announced that it had joined the Confederate States (C.S. In the wake of the convention’s vote, the state prepared for war. Volunteer units quickly sprang up. Shall we remain quiet and wait to see him inaugurated, and develop his plan and policy or shall we anticipate what it will be, and act at once to takes steps for our self-preservation? The Republican Party did not even exist in Louisiana, so Lincoln's name was not on the ballot there. The latter end of this thread is a discussion on tariffs, which is an economic history topic. Being the largest exporter of this benevolent cash crop, it truly ameliorated the country’s economy and financial status. On January 26, 1861, the Secession Convention voted 113 to 17 to adopt the Ordinance of Secession. Finally, the Confederacy did not have enough volunteers. After the ordinance of secession passed the convention on January 26, 1861, Moore placed Colonel Braxton Bragg in command of the state military. The South was filled with talk of secession. Many newspapers reprinted the sermon, and more than fifty thousand copies were distributed. One political reason was that the Confederate States of America (also called South) wanted each state more sovereign than the federation, or confederacy. "Who Won the Secession Election in Louisiana?. Louisiana secedes from the Union. Converted factories made weapons from scrap iron collected by citizens. Favorite Answer Louisiana seceded for all the same reasons as the other states that seceded -- it thought that the North was trampling on its rights and powers to govern its own affairs, and … Additionally, by the time Louisianans voted in early January, South Carolina had seceded, and four other southern states had elected pro-secession conventions. Part of the discrepancy between this voting percentage and the number of secessionist delegates stems from the fact that in many areas delegates ran uncontested, thus reducing voters’ desire to cast a ballot. In Charleston garrison of Fort Sunter remains faithful to the Union and does not leave. This method left the meat tough and very salty, and the soldiers had to boil the meat for hours before they could eat it. Secession, in U.S. history, the withdrawal of 11 slave states (states in which slaveholding was legal) from the Union during 1860–61 following the election of Abraham Lincoln as president. But life in any training camp was difficult. The overwhelming pro-secession vote at the convention undoubtedly overstates antebellum Louisianans’ commitment to secession. trying to abolish slavery > The election of Lincoln > States have a right to govern themselves. To many white Southerners, a Republican was the enemy and a threat to their (slave-based) way of life. The Southern states seceded from the United Stated because they believed that the newly elected president, Abraham Lincoln, and his Republican majority were a major threat to the institution of slavery. What reasons did South Carolina give to seceding from the union in the 'Ordinance of Secession and Declaration and Causes of Secession'? An area to the north of Lake Pontchartrain attracted the Confederate commanders to a site with hills, tall pines, and good water. Louisiana kept this independent status until March 21, 1861, when it transferred its allegiance to the Confederate States of America. Instead, the war dragged on and families suffered. The newly formed Confederate government gained the political skills of Louisiana's ex-United States senators. Two days before the city surrendered in April 1862, Moore and the legislature abandoned Baton Rouge as the state capital, relocating to Opelousas on May 1, 1862. In St. Charles Parish, a man was ordered to leave because he cheered on Lincoln. Southerners saw slavery as key to their sovereignty. Leaders in the South also wanted to preserve the rights of the states to govern themselves. The argument put forward by President Jefferson Davis in his memoirs that the issue of secession was wholly based on the South's efforts to restore the intent of the Constitution that states would maintain their sovereignty in a federal union is complicated. ); Louisiana was the sixth slave state to declare that it had seceded from the U.S. and joined the C.S. What was the first state that seceded the Union? Nevertheless, their public actions certainly pushed their fellow Louisianans away from the Union. To encourage enlistment, the Confederate government paid a bounty and some local governments paid additional bounties. Judah P. Benjamin, called the "brains of the Confederacy", served in Confederate President Jefferson Davis's cabinet. Around the state, they organized themselves into companies. These names and their colorful uniforms seemed suitable for the short and glorious war southerners expected. Sacher, John M., A Perfect War of Politics: Parties, Politicians, and Democracy in Louisiana, 1824–1861. The four states that submitted Declaration of Causes documents were South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from 64 Parishes. "The Long Lost Returns: The Candidates and Their Totals in Louisiana's Secession Election. He took the oath of office on January 23, 1860. Soldiers on both sides called the Civil War "a rich man's war and a poor man's fight.". Roland, Charles P. “Louisiana and Secession.” Louisiana History 19 (Fall 1978): 389–99. AN ORDINANCE to dissolve the union between the State of Louisiana and other States united with her under the compact entitled "The Constitution of the United States of America.". All of those who left the Union were slave owning states. When the first soldiers left home, they expected to return quickly. People who believed in the doctrine of states' rights believed that the states could nullify federal laws. Louisiana called itself a country for less than two weeks. Once war became the ugly reality of blood and death, fewer men wanted to enlist. Virginia seceded, then West Virginia seceded from Virginia and rejoined the Union. 5) fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents . The spirited soldiers drilled to "save the South." The overwhelming failure of a call to send delegates to a southern convention in Nashville (24 in favor and 106 against) illustrates this decline in anti-secessionist sentiment. They heard Lincoln labeled a "black Republican Abolitionist" who would end their (slavery-based) way of life. They heard speeches loaded with words like honor, self-respect, and principle. The states that seceded were South Carolina,Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, and Louisiana. the governor of Louisiana that led the state to secession; organized the capture of federal arsenals at Baton Rouge, Fort Jackson and Fort St. Phillip . The official state returns, which were not released for more than a century, list secessionist delegates as capturing 52.7 percent of the vote. First, you must understand the demographic of the State at the time. Palmer, Benjamin.The South: her peril and her duty. When war erupted, he unsuccessfully lobbied the Confederate government in Richmond for a strong defense of New Orleans. It has long been conventional wisdom among certain libertarians and classical liberal historians that the southern Confederacy was a great bastion of Jeffersonianism. Instead, they endorsed an activist nationalist government, especially regarding a sugarcane tariff and government aid to business, in a manner more akin to the northern branch of the party rather than to other southern Whigs who advocated for states’ rights. By February of 1861 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama. Okay, this post is in the wrong thread. Other events contributed toward the secessionist atmosphere in Louisiana. He warned the secession threatened the interests and destiny of Louisiana, He predicted war, ruin, and decline. Four states went further. That happened in 1861. What shall these steps be? It was followed four months later by the states of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas and Louisiana. For the latter part of the war, both the Union and the Confederacy recognized their own distinct Louisianan governors. The new president of the United States had not received one vote in the state. Privacy Policy. On February 1, 1861, delegates of the state of Texas resolved to secede from the federal Union of the United States of America. Because a large part of the population had Union sympathies (or compatible commercial interests), the U.S. government took the unusual step of designating the areas of Louisiana then under U.S. control as a state within the Union, with its own elected representatives to the U.S. Congress. Northern delegates to the Democratic Party convention supported Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, but the southern Democrats disagreed with his position on slavery, which they felt was not pro-slavery enough. It influenced the country in three major ways: the South to rely on cotton plantations for its profits, to stand by slavery and its benefits, and to secede from the Union. Dew, Charles B. In November, Benjamin Palmer, a leading Presbyterian minister in New Orleans, delivered a sermon declaring divine sanction for secession. Also, Louisiana’s Whigs did not share the small government proclivities of their southern neighbors. Governor Moore had already ordered the seizure of the federal arsenal at Baton Rouge as well as Fort St. Philip and Fort Jackson on the Mississippi River. Winters, John D. The Civil War in Louisiana. The pressure of the slavery issue split the Democratic Party convention wide open and led to a presidential election in 1860 with four candidates. The Southern States in the United States believed they had good reasons for seceding from the Union. Secession precipitated the American Civil War. "The Louisiana Secession Convention. A Bostonian piano manufacturer in Shreveport was advised to leave town because he was a known Lincoln supporter. Providing adequate food and supplies was a constant problem. In particular, two events pushed them toward secession. The governor called for homes and businesses to put lights in their windows to show their support. Some delegates maintained that cooperating with their fellow southern states now meant leaving rather than remaining in the Union. The Confederate draft also exempted anyone owning twenty or more slaves through the so-called "Twenty Slave Law"; this exemption and the right to pay a substitute seemed to aim the conscription law at the poor man. [5] However, despite a brief check at Baton Rouge, Union forces continued to advance into Louisiana and up the Mississippi, and the capital was moved again to Shreveport. These are important questions.” And, for the next two months, Louisiana’s voters and political leaders struggled over the best answers to these “important questions.”. Yet, from an economic and political perspective, clearly, secession would have weakened the blossoming new nation and created an atmosphere that would have much more closely resembled war … Pine torches lighted a night parade in New Orleans. On February 4, 1861, the State of Louisiana joined the Confederate States of America, the new nation formed by the southern states that seceded. There were five main reasons for the secession of the southern state. Benjamin Palmer. Secession was driven by the Southern planter class. These documents were sent to the federal government and stated that state's particular reasons for seceding from the Union. Diseases spread quickly through the troops. South Carolina seceded first, on December 20, 1860. Both motivations alone were not enough. Not only did the state cast its electoral votes for John C. Breckinridge, the candidate of the southern wing of the Democratic Party, but the election resulted in the triumph of Republican Abraham Lincoln, who had not received a single popular vote in Louisiana. To the question "What were the political and economic causes of the civil war?" Secession had a long history in the United States—but as a threat rather than as an actual dissolution of the Union. The salt for preserving the beef came from several salt deposits around the state. With southern states actively leaving the Union, war broke out. The split among the Democrats handed the Republicans victory. Surrounded by swamp and with no safe drinking water, the camp was a poor location for an army. Although they did not initially join to a Confederate Union composed of other southern states which seceded, mutual protection demanded that a confederation be formed, and Texas became a part on March 22. Every state in the Confederacy issued an “Article of Secession” declaring their break from the Union. The idea of secession is not new, as the Theory of Nullification known. This is the anniversary. Governor Moore held office from 1860 through early 1864. Privately they maintained that they opposed immediate secession but felt obliged to follow the lead of their constituents. ", Lathrop, Barnes F. "The Lafourche District in 1861-1862: A Problem in Local Defense. 2) States vs federal rights. Subscribe today to support our mission and contributors. The Confederacy needed an army. [6], United States presidential election, 1860, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisiana_secession&oldid=995971726, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Dew, Charles B. Louisiana responded immediately with 5,000 volunteers. Additionally, the delegates decided against popular ratification of secession by 84 to 45, contending that voters had already had their say when they elected the delegates. Camp Walker, located at the Metairie Race Track, became the first training site. Lv 7. People cheered in the streets as fireworks exploded and cannons fired. The former group endorsed secession, while the latter group included some unionists but mainly comprised those who wanted to have a conference of southern states prior to any state’s secession. The focus shifted fanatically to equipment and supplies. In the early days of the war, equipment and supplies were furnished by parish governments, wealthy individuals, or the soldiers themselves. Texas secession movements refer to the secession of Texas during the American Civil War and the activities of modern organizations supporting such effort to become an independent sovereign nation since the 1990s.. 3) Growing abolition movement. Another predicted, "You might as well try to breathe life into a mummy of Ancient Egypt as to expect the Union to be preserved." Thomas Overton Moore was elected Democratic governor of Louisiana in November 1859. 8 years ago. The conscription law included a substitution clause, which allowed men to pay someone else to take his place. Additionally, partially in an effort to protect its western boundary, Louisiana sent an envoy to Texas to persuade the Lone Star State to join its sister slaveholding states outside the Union. The last horse race was run there on April 9, 1861. After voting 113 to 17 in favor of secession on the third day of the convention, the delegates strove to maintain all appearances of unity. Some supporters of states' rights also believed that states had the right to leave the Union. There were several reasons why the South wanted to secede from the Union. A wealthy planter and slaveholder, Moore acted aggressively to engineer the secession of Louisiana from the Union by a convention on January 23. Texas was the last of a raft of states to secede from the Union. the Republican Party) in the Northern free states threatened the existence of the slave-holding states: So bitter is this hostility felt toward slavery, which these fifteen states regard as a great social and political blessing, that it exhibits itself in legislation for the avowed purpose of destroying the rights of slaveholders guaranteed by the Constitution and protected by the Acts of Congress... [in] the North, a widespread sympathy with felons has deepened the distrust in the permanent Federal Government, and awakened sentiments favorable to a separation of states.[3]. They then held their own convention and named John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky as their candidate. 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